Wildfire Smoke Linked to Far Higher Death Toll Across Europe

Wildfire Smoke Linked to Far Higher Death Toll Across Europe
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Choking smoke from wildfires is far deadlier than previously estimated, a study has found, as reported by The Guardian. Researchers discovered that short-term exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) from wildfires causes 535 deaths per year on average in Europe between 2004 and 2022—93% higher than estimates using conventional methods that treat wildfire particles like those from traffic and other sources.

The study, led by the Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), analysed daily mortality data from 32 European countries alongside PM2.5 estimates. Results showed that for each additional microgram of PM2.5 per cubic metre of air, all-cause mortality rose by 0.7%, respiratory deaths by 1%, and cardiovascular deaths by 0.9%.

The findings highlight that wildfire smoke affects populations far beyond the immediate fire zones, often going unnoticed compared with the flames themselves. Southern Europe has already seen record-breaking wildfires this year, with 895,000 hectares burned, releasing more than twice the typical PM2.5 levels.

Experts warn that climate change is intensifying fire risk, and the problem may spread to central and northern Europe. While air purifiers can reduce indoor exposure, they are costly and not widely accessible. Researchers note limitations in separating the effects of PM2.5 from other pollutants like ozone, but the study underscores the urgent health threat posed by wildfire smoke.