International Court of Justice Declares Climate Crisis a Legal Obligation for States
International Court of Justice Declares Climate Crisis a Legal Obligation for States
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The International Court of Justice (ICJ) issued a unanimous advisory opinion affirming that addressing climate change is an international legal obligation, Human Rights Watch reported. The court described climate change as “an existential problem of planetary proportions” threatening all life and the health of the planet.
The landmark opinion responds to questions posed by the United Nations General Assembly regarding states’ responsibilities under international law to combat climate change and the legal consequences of failing these duties. Nearly 100 countries and international organizations presented legal arguments during the proceedings.
The ICJ ruled that states must implement mitigation and adaptation measures that protect human rights, establish relevant legislation, and regulate private sector activities contributing to climate harm. The court highlighted that failure to take appropriate action—such as continuing fossil fuel production, consumption, exploration, or subsidies—may violate international law.
The court also recognized that climate-induced conditions endangering individuals’ lives could force displacement, urging nations not to return such individuals to unsafe environments.
This decision follows years of advocacy led by youth groups, including the Pacific Islands Students Fighting Climate Change and World’s Youth for Climate Justice, alongside diplomatic efforts by Vanuatu. Human Rights Watch and over 220 civil society organizations supported the advisory opinion request.
The ICJ concluded that states’ failure to protect the climate system triggers legal consequences, including revoking harmful measures. Countries are now urged to revise their greenhouse gas commitments to meet the Paris Agreement’s 1.5°C warming limit. Human Rights Watch pledged to continue advocating for ambitious climate policies and a global fossil fuel phaseout.
